YouTube alone would eat up over 100 times the world's total bandwidth without video compression

There are plenty of familiar examples of technological marvels. Cramming billions of transistors into a computer chip is pretty amazing, for instance. But did you know just how cool streaming video is?

Intel's Tom Petersen recently gave Gamers Nexus a deep dive into the nuts and bolts of video compression and the details are genuinely fascinating even if you already had a rough idea of how it all works. Just for starters, without the availability of video compression technology, YouTube alone would eat up well over 100 times the entire world's total internet bandwidth thanks to its one billion hours of served video per day.

To put some numbers on that, Petersen says the world's current internet bandwidth comes in at 1.2Pbits per second. If you assume streaming at 1080p SDR, YouTube would need 155Pbits per second to stream its content in uncompressed video.

You can multiply that figure by about 10 for full HDR 4K video. So, if YouTube streamed everything in uncompressed 4K HDR, it would require about 1,000 times the world's available internet bandwidth. Wild.

The solution, of course, is video compression. Petersen provides a whistle stop tour of the five key components of compression. First up is colour downsampling, which relies on the fact that the human eye is more sensitive to luminance than colour and also more sensitive to some colours than others.

That means you can effectively discard some colour data without changing the subjective appearance of an image. That buys you up to two times compression. 

Next is spatial and temporal compression. One aspect of that means only updating the pixels that change colours from one frame to the next.  You can also use vectors to move pixels rather than simply updating their colour data in full, which uses less data. The net result is up to 20x compression.

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From there, things get more complicated and, frankly, difficult to